Evaluation of integration in WHO’s tuberculosis, HIV, and antimicrobial resistance policies through the social-ecological lens

This study examines how tuberculosis (TB), HIV, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are addressed in global health strategies. An analysis of policy documents from 2015–2024 shows that TB and HIV are often linked, but AMR is rarely integrated with them, and there is little evidence of coordinated implementation or monitoring across the three areas. Current global health governance largely treats these issues in isolation, leading to inefficiencies in resource use. The authors conclude that integrated governance and coordination mechanisms are urgently needed at all levels—individual to societal—along with a unified policy framework to improve prevention and control of TB, HIV, and AMR, particularly in resource-limited settings.